Which type of rock forms from sedimentary processes involving cementation of fragments?

Clastic sedimentary rock is formed through the processes of sedimentation and cementation of mineral and rock fragments, known as clasts. These fragments can originate from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks, transported by water, wind, or ice, and deposited in various environments. During cementation, minerals precipitate from water and fill the spaces between these clasts, effectively binding them together to form solid rock. This type of rock can vary significantly in composition and texture, depending on the source of the sediments and the conditions of deposition.

In contrast, igneous rock forms from the solidification and cooling of molten rock material, either below the Earth’s surface (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive). Metamorphic rock arises from the transformation of existing rock types under conditions of high pressure and temperature, often without melting. Organic sedimentary rock, such as coal, forms from the accumulation of organic material, primarily plant debris, rather than from mineral fragments. Thus, the characteristics and formation processes of clastic sedimentary rock make it the correct choice for this question.