Which term refers to the evolution of a species resulting from random changes in the gene pool over generations?

The term that describes the evolution of a species resulting from random changes in the gene pool over generations is genetic drift. This phenomenon occurs when allele frequencies in a population change due to random sampling effects, especially in small populations. Over time, these random changes can lead to significant differences in the genetic makeup of a population, sometimes resulting in the emergence of new species.

Genetic drift is distinct from natural selection, which is a process where certain traits become more common due to their advantages in survival and reproduction rather than random chance. Gene flow refers to the transfer of genetic material between populations, often reducing differences between them, and adaptation specifically involves changes that occur in response to environmental pressures, enhancing the fit of a population to its environment.

Ultimately, genetic drift highlights the role of chance in the evolutionary process, emphasizing how random factors can influence which traits are passed on to subsequent generations.