Which of the following is one of Newton's accomplishments?

Newton's significant contribution in the realm of science includes the formulation of the law of universal gravitation, which describes the gravitational force between two objects. While the concept of gravity existed prior to Newton, he provided a mathematical framework for understanding it and demonstrated how it governs the motion of objects in the universe. This laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

Although gravity was known to philosophers such as Aristotle and others, Newton's detailed description and quantitative approach to gravity was groundbreaking, enabling further advancements in physics. This accomplishment is often summarized by his famous formulation that every particle of matter attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Calculus, also developed in part by Newton, is another critical achievement that enables various branches of science and engineering. However, it is crucial to differentiate between the invention of calculus, which was co-developed independently by both Newton and Leibniz, and the specific discoveries associated with gravity and motion.