What process leads to the formation of sedimentary rock?

The formation of sedimentary rock primarily occurs through the compression of sediments derived from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks, organic material, or chemical precipitates. Over time, these sediments accumulate in layers, often in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. As more sediment is deposited on top, the increasing weight compresses the material underneath, causing it to lithify, or turn into rock.

This process is distinct from other geological processes. For example, the crystallization of magma is responsible for forming igneous rocks, where molten rock solidifies as it cools. Extreme heat and pressure contribute to the formation of metamorphic rocks, resulting from the alteration of existing rocks without melting. Lastly, the cooling of lava also leads to the creation of igneous rocks, similar to the crystallization of magma, but specifically from lava that erupts onto the Earth's surface.

Understanding the distinction between these rock formation processes is critical in geology, as it helps categorize rocks based on their origin and the conditions under which they formed.