What is a buffer in a solution?

A buffer in a solution is defined as a substance that minimizes changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It works by utilizing a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid) to stabilize the pH levels. By absorbing excess hydrogen ions (H⁺) or hydroxide ions (OH⁻), buffers play a crucial role in maintaining the pH within a narrow range, which is vital for biological systems and various chemical processes.

This property of buffers is particularly important in biological and environmental contexts, where even slight fluctuations in pH can have significant effects on living organisms and chemical reactions. Therefore, understanding the function of buffers is essential for students of science, especially in disciplines that involve chemistry and biology.