What does infiltration refer to in the context of water movement?

Infiltration specifically refers to the process by which water moves from the surface of the land into the subsurface layers of soil and rock. This process is crucial for replenishing groundwater supplies, as it allows surface water—such as rain or melted snow—to seep down into aquifers and other underground water reservoirs.

Understanding infiltration is important for various ecological and hydrological studies, as it influences soil moisture levels, vegetation health, and water availability for ecosystems and human use. Additionally, it plays a significant role in the water cycle by connecting surface water with underground water systems. The rate and effectiveness of infiltration can be influenced by factors such as soil texture, structure, and saturation levels, which all affect how quickly and efficiently water flows into the ground.