What are soil horizons composed of?

Soil horizons are composed of different layers of soil that develop over time as a result of various environmental processes. Each layer, or horizon, has distinct physical and chemical properties, such as texture, color, and composition. These layers include the topsoil, which is rich in organic material and nutrients, as well as subsoil and parent material. The arrangement and characteristics of these layers are influenced by factors like climate, vegetation, and microbial activity, making the understanding of soil horizons essential for soil science, agriculture, and ecology. The diversity of materials and structures in each horizon reflects the complex interactions taking place in the soil ecosystem.