Lichens are a symbiotic association between which two types of organisms?

Lichens represent a fascinating and complex relationship between fungi and algae, specifically a type of green algae, although sometimes cyanobacteria can also be involved. In this symbiotic association, the fungal partner typically provides structure, protection, and moisture retention for the photosynthetic partner, which produces food through photosynthesis. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit by having a safe habitat and access to water and minerals, which helps them thrive in often harsh environments where lichens are commonly found.

This relationship is a prime example of mutualism, where both organisms benefit from the association. The unique capacity of lichens to colonize and thrive in extreme environments, such as bare rock and arctic tundra, is largely due to this symbiotic relationship, showcasing how diverse forms of life can cooperate and survive in various ecological niches.