How is work defined in physics?

Work in physics is defined as the product of force and the distance over which that force is applied, provided that the force acts in the direction of the movement. This relationship can be expressed mathematically as:

[ \text{Work} = \text{Force} \times \text{Distance} ]

When a force is applied to an object and causes it to move, work is done. It is essential that the force applied has a component in the direction of the displacement for work to be calculated correctly. If the force is applied perpendicular to the direction of movement, no work is done.

Understanding this concept is fundamental in physics because work is also a measure of energy transfer; when work is done on an object, energy is transferred to it, affecting its kinetic or potential energy. This foundational idea of work is crucial for further studies in mechanics and energy conservation principles.