How do neurotransmitters function within the synapse?

Neurotransmitters play a critical role in communication between neurons at the synapse, which is the junction where two neurons meet. They function by being released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, the small gap between the two neurons. Once released, these chemical signals bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's membrane. This binding can initiate a response in the postsynaptic neuron, such as generating an electrical signal (action potential), influencing whether or not that neuron will activate.

This process is essential for transmitting signals in the nervous system, facilitating everything from muscle contraction to mood regulation. The efficacy and specificity of neurotransmitter action are foundational to understanding how the nervous system processes information. The other options do not accurately describe the role of neurotransmitters; for example, neurotransmitters do not create a direct electrical connection or form myelin sheaths, which are essential for speeding up neural signals but are formed by different types of cells.