Excessive groundwater extraction in arid climates primarily causes what issue?

Excessive groundwater extraction in arid climates primarily leads to an increase in soil salinity. When groundwater is over-extracted, it can cause the water table to drop significantly. As the water table decreases, the natural balance of groundwater and surface water is upset, leading to reduced soil moisture. This condition can result in a higher concentration of salts in the soil as the water that normally helps to flush these salts out is diminished.

In arid regions, where evaporation rates are high, any water remaining in the soil can pull salts from deeper layers to the surface as it evaporates, further concentrating the salts. This increase in salinity can have detrimental effects on plant life and agriculture, as many plants struggle to survive in high-salinity conditions. The relationship between excessive groundwater extraction and rising soil salinity is a significant environmental issue in these regions, showcasing how important sustainable water management is in arid climates.